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17 Entanglements   Print 
Written by Wei-Jing Zhu  
Sunday, 29 April 2007
I have given a talk at the YP17 34th reunion of the HCSSiM on July 17, 2006. Here finally is a writeup of my talk, entitled "17 Entanglements."


17 entanglements

.... list of the 17 spearate ideas (to be filled in later).

Below is my explanation of the coin trick and how it is not fractional statistics

The common theme across all of these are that the representation space of the configuration is not just the orientation itself, which would simply be the space of group of rotations, denoted by SO(3), but instead be rotations with respect to an orientation, anchored, with a string (ribbon) attached. The twisting of the ribbon matters.

To see that the two coins trick is indeed analogous to the others, realize that the second coin doesn't have to be an identical coin, as even another version of a coin with the tail shown, rather than the head, would also suffice for our purpose. The issue is that the first coin has two seemingly identical configurations, differ only by where it is with respect to the other coin. It could have been circling simply another circle. In fact, the same size circle is just to simply the process of illustrating that it comes around in two full rotations. So it could even further be reduced to tying a ribbon and keep track of the orientation.

Of course, having two identical coins simplify the explanation that the coin goes back to the original after two full rotations, while an entangled ribbon still has to prove that two full rotation can reduce to identity.
i.e. what if you use a smaller coin and need to make three full rotations?

Note, for fractional statistics, the two coin or three coin example would be the typical popular science NYTimes example for explaining spin 1/N.

Spin 1/2 means that the eigenvalues can be + or -, in only two states. The representation is SU(2), and covers SO(3) twice. Hence the entaglement illustrations are the illustrations often used for this abstract notion. You can say the electron exists in two states, the normal or the tangled state.

More on the two coin and the electron state:
when we have two identical coins, we don't know whether we have 12 or 21. So we differentiate them by the so-call spin states, which is nothing more than keeping track of one going around another. The change in identity, switching of 1 and 2 position wise, is equivalent to moving one particle around the other.

However, whether a particle is bosonic or fermionic, symmetric or antisymmetric, wrt exchange of particle identity, is a separate issue. Furthermore, fractional statistics generalizes the antisymmetric, by allowing complex phase factor, and the antisymmetric factor of - = 1/2 360 is simply part of the spectrum.

Yet rather than all these geometric anaologies, the bottm line is: what do we mean by spin 1/2?
It is simply a representation of SU(2), which double covers SO(3), hence making to our list.

Original Notes:


17 entanglements

2  coins. pennies.  baby toy with 2 suns

glass held by hand

tie

cube tied

hair dryer cord

phone cord

hair braiding

twisted rope, gas station air pump

coil up ropes, ship docking

electrical extension cords

computer cord, power, LAN

head phone, DNA, belt

pastries  (demo via a large paper towel, slit in the middle)

SU(2)/S)(3) double covering picture

Electron spin 1/2, using SU(2) representation

untangle chains, bike chains

group game of untangling hands: why we must let go (¼ chance of a trefoil knot) – this is something different


The tie is definitely isomorphic to SU(2)/SO(3):

create a configuatration space where 2 rotation is needed to bring back to  identity .

tangling, untangling.

Wilzek generalize it to spin 1/N?  identity of exchange.  Is this concept connected?  Not geometrically, as I have reasoned once.


Now how does the 2-coin problem isomorphic to the tie problem?

The 2nd coin serves to previde a reference to distinguish the orientation of the 1st coin, and make the situation so that going quarter of the way leads the two coin to face each other, showing that they are equivalent to one rotating 180-deg.

Relative rotation of 180-deg is done via absolute rotation of 90-deg, because both coins can be thought of as traveling/


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